Zogulitsa
Centerline Fit-Clued Fleven Flevel Valve ya Gulugufe, 90 ° REVARD SANGARY Stock, Mipira ya Steel, Yopanga Makina Othandizira Madzi ndi Makina Ogulitsa
Mafotokozedwe Akatundu
Mbale ya Gulugufe, yotchedwa valve waterguly (FABEFFFIV) Gulugufe patseguka ndi membala wotseka wa gulugufe wambiri, kuzungulira kuzungulira kwake m’thupi la valavu, kuti mukwaniritse cholinga chotseguka ndi kutseka kapena kuwongolera. Mbali ya gulugufe chotseguka kwathunthu nthawi zambiri amakhala ochepera 90 ° Kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta a nyongolotsi, osati kokha kupanga gulugufe ndi kuthekera kodzitchinjiriza, kuti gulu la gulugufe lithe, komanso kukonza magwiridwe antchito a valavu.
The characteristics of industrial special butterfly valve can withstand high temperature, the applicable pressure range is also higher, the valve nominal diameter is large, the valve body is made of carbon steel, the sealing ring of the valve plate is made of metal ring instead of rubber ring. Maofesi a Gulu Lalikulu Kwambiri Kwambiri Ophika Bungwe Lotentha amapangidwa ndi mbale yachitsulo ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka kwa maboti a mafuta owotcha ndi masipi a mafuta.
Mavalidwe a gulugufe ankhondo a Storfaen Bulfine amayendetsa mafakitale kudzera mu ukadaulo watsopano, kuphatikiza chisindikizo chambiri, zakuthupi, komanso kuperekera kwanzeru kugwiritsira ntchito magwiridwe antchito osiyanasiyana. Monga wotsogolera wa gulugufe wa gulugufe ndi mayankho, mapangidwe athu amathetsa mavuto ovuta kwambiri othana, kuvala, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito bwino ntchito. Umu ndi momwe maluso aluso amalire ndi ziwalo zankhondo, anapatulira.
1. Makina a Econtcent a Eccentric a Zero-Kutalika
Mtima wa Valani:
Ma eccentric geometric geometry: 1st cus (1st eccentricity) ndi ngodya imodzi (yachiwiri) pangani chidindo "cholumikizirana ndi 40% poyerekeza ndi mitundu ya anthu. Mapangidwe awa amawonetsetsa kuti mipweya yambiri ndi yamwazi, ngakhale zovuta kwambiri (mpaka pn10.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0MPA), ndikupangitsa kuti zikhale bwino mapulogalamu a gulugufe m’mapaipi a Mencal ndi Steam Service.
Kutulutsa katatu: Tekinoloje iyi imaposa malire a Gloforve Valve Phula Lapamwamba kwambiri, ndikuonetsetsa kuti kudalirika kwa nthawi yayitali, ndikuonetsetsa kuti kudalirika kwa nthawi yayitali kumagetsi.
2. Sayansi Yakuthupi pa Kukhazikika Kwakuvuta
Tikuyipitsa valavu yokhotakhota yolimba kwambiri:
Zida za thupi & Discts: Sankhani kuchokera ku HT300 Tulutsani chitsulo / mafuta othandiza, -10 ° C), kapena 315 ° C), 40 ° C), Mavesi athu 6 ndi 4-inch amakhala ndi nthiti ya inchi yokhotakhotakhota pansi pa Velocity yayikulu kwambiri, zojambula zopitilira 25% mu moyo wozungulira.
Zisindikizo Zosalala
3..
Mavelo athu a gulugufe amafanana ndi zinthu zapamwamba kwambiri kuti athandize kugwiritsa ntchito bwino ntchito ndi chitetezo:
Mafuta a nyongolotsi: Muyezo pa Makunja Otsatsa, izi zimapereka 5: 1 zochulukitsa zodzitchinjiriza komanso zimapangitsa kuchitapo kanthu kophweka 90
Mapangidwe omasuka: chibayo, magetsi, kapena magetsi opanga ma iso 5211 apamwamba, othandizira olephera (otseguka / omasuka) ndi 4-20m. Izi zimapangitsa kuti mavalidwe athu azikhala njira zodzipangira zokha, kukonzanso nthawi yankho ndi 30% poyerekeza ndi zopereka zachilengedwe zapamwamba.
Sinthani Kuyendetsa Kwanu Kuyenda Ndi Kuyenda
Kuchokera pamafashoni amadzi otentha kwambiri, mabowo athu a gulugufe amapereka chitsimikizo, kukhazikika, komanso kusintha kachitidwe kanu kumafuna. Ndi kusindikiza kopangidwa ndi zinthu zatsopano, premium premium, ndi kuwunika kwanzeru, tasintha valawe ya gulugufe kuchokera ku chipangizo chosavuta kukhala yankho lamphamvu kwambiri. Fufuzani Mavalidwe Athu a Gulu Lathumba Kugulitsa Masiku Ano ndi Kusamvana komwe kugwira ntchito zaukadaulo kumapangitsa – chifukwa poyendetsa, magwiridwe ake ndi chilichonse.
Ananyamuka mafayilo oyendetsa ndege okhala ndi mphamvu ya gulugufe yothetsera njira komanso miyezo yokhazikika, kuonetsetsa kuti valavu iliyonse imakumana ndi ntchito zanu zapadera. Kuchokera ku kusankha kwa zinthu zakuthupi, mitundu yathu ya vwender vwendeni kuphatikiza ma virunrine opatsirana ndi chitsimikizo champhamvu – apa ndi momwe timapangira bwino zosowa zanu zapadera.
Kusintha kwa Vitation: Wopangidwa ndi zomwe mukufuna
1.
Kuphimba DN40 Kuti DN1200, Thrive Wartly Valve wa inchi ndi 6-inch valavu mitundu (ndi kupitirira) kusintha kwa maukonde a chitoliro chilichonse. Sizachikulu? Timapanga mindandanda yamagulu apadera, kuchokera ku hvaccy hvac systems ku mapaipi okwera mafakitale.
Sankhani kuchokera ku woter, Lug, wowala, kapena wolumikizidwa kuti afanane ndi asme, dial, kapena jis jis miyendo – kuthetsa ma hassapster pazinthu zapadziko lonse lapansi.
2. Kukhazikitsa kwa Zinthu & Chisindikizo
Zida zathupi: Sankhani HT300 Phatikizani chitsulo (madzi / gasi), mabisi olemera a WCB kaboni (makampani olemera), kapena 316l osapanga dzimbiri (100 °) kuti agwirizane ndi 450 ° C.
Zisindikizo zamtundu: Zisindikizo zofewa (NBR / EPDM) yamadzi / stater (≤0.1m mitatege), flue stefar (flue) zolimbitsa thupi zikuluzikulu.
3. Kugwiritsa ntchito & magwiridwe antchito
Mabuku (girm gear), chibayo, yamagetsi, kapena hydraulic ndi iso 5211 Kukhazikitsa Kutsimikizika. Onjezani njira zolephera (mpweya-zotseguka / zotseguka) kapena 4-20mxarm ya njira zokha.
Zojambula zapadera
Mtundu wosasunthika: Kuchokera ku Design mpaka Kutumiza
1. Dongosolo loyesa loyesa
Mayeso a hydrostatic: 1.5x kukakamiza kwa zipolopolo, 1.1x kwa mipando, kutsimikizira zero.
Kuyesa Kwachizungu: Ntchito 5,000+ Zolimba Zisindikizo Zolimba Kwambiri.
Kuchita Zinthu Zakuthupi: Gawo lililonse limaphatikizira satifiketi ya mipango, onetsetsani kuti mwagwirizana ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo komanso kutentha.
2.
Chitsimikizo cha zaka 1 chikuphimba chisindikizo cha Chisindikizo ndi zopunduka, ndi chithandizo chamaluso 24 pakukhazikitsa, kukonza, kapena kusokonekera.
Zosapuliza magawo: Kutumiza kwamipando yosinthidwa, ma disc, kapena ochita sewero kuti achepetse njira yopuma ya makasitomala ogula ambiri.
Chifukwa chiyani kusankha kudalira ma valler affent?
Katswiri wogwiritsa ntchito: Kaya mukufuna valavu yapamwamba ya madzi am’madzi kapena mtundu wa ma ecrecle-eccentric protevel arth valavu ya GREFER NEMBA LAMODZI PANGANI.
Kugwiritsa ntchito mtengo kwathunthu: Njira zosinthira zimachepetsa ndalama zambiri, pomwe zopanga zolimba zimadula ndi 30% poyerekeza ndi ma valves generic.
Sinthani dongosolo lanu ndi mawonekedwe ogwirizana
Osakhazikika pa alumali pamene ntchito zanu zimafuna kupambana. Maupangiri a Gulugufe a Gulugufe ankhondo ankhondo ndi chitsimikizo champhamvu kwambiri – pereka magwiridwe antchito, kudalirika, komanso kusintha mapulani anu oyenera. Fufuzani Mavalidwe Athu a Gulugufe Ogulitsa Masiku Ano ndikupeza momwe mainjiniya amasinthira kuyenda.
Kujambula mwatsatanetsatane
Gulu lazinthu
Gulu la mawonekedwe
(1) Center Gulugufe valawende
(2) Chipinda chimodzi chosindikizidwa cha gulugufe
(3) kawiri eccentric valavu ya gulugufe
(4) Valande itatu
Malinga ndi gulu lankhondo lakumanzere
(1) valavu yosindikizidwa:
1) Kusindikiza kwazinthu zopanda zitsulo zofewa kwazinthu zosafananira.
2) Kusindikiza phompho ndi zinthu zolimba za zitsulo kwazinthu zosafananira.
(2) Zida Zovuta Zida za Zitsulo Zankhondo: Zingwe zolimba ndi zitsulo zolimba za zitsulo zopangidwa ndi zitsulo zakuthupi.
Kugawidwa ndi mawonekedwe osindikizira
(1) Kukakamizidwa Kusindikiza Warvel
1) Elatic zisindikizo Gigarter Watterve. Zisindikizo zopanikizika zina ndi Valve Plate CentRve Churve pomwe valavu imatsekedwa, mpando wa valavu kapena valavu ya valavu kapena valavu ya valavu yopangidwa.
2) Towque yakunja idasindikizidwa gulugufe wa gulugufe. Kupanikizika kokhazikika kumapangidwa ndi torque yoyikidwa ku shaft.
(2) Vuto la Gulu la Gulugufe likukakamizidwa. Kupanikizika kwina kumapangidwa ndi mpando wa valavu kapena valavu pa chinthu chopukusira.
(3) Valani gulu lankhondo lankhondo lokhalo. Kupanikizika kokhazikika kumangopangidwa ndi kupanikizika kwapakatikati.
Kukakamiza mwa kukakamiza
(1) Valumu ya vaguom gulugufe. Kukakamizidwa pansipa mulu wa Gulu Laligunda wa Mlengalenga.
(2) Valavu ya gulugufe wotsika. Kupanikizika kwa nominal pn <1.6mka gulugufe.
(3) Spict Gulugufe wapansi. Kupanikizika kwa nomwenass Pn 2.5 – 6.4mA Gulugufer Valve.
(4) valavu ya gulugufe wamkulu. Kupanikizika kwa Nominal Pn 10.0 – 80.0MNA FALFA Valani.
(5) Vesi ya Ultra-yayikulu kwambiri. Kupanikizika kwa Nominal PN> Varvefly Valleve.
Gulu la kutentha
(1) Valander Gulugufe wambiri. T> 450 C Igundel valavu
(2) Gulugufe Bulve. 120 c
Kulumikizana ndi kulumikizana
(1) valavu ya gulugufe.
Mbale ya gulugufe-ngwazi yolumikizira ya gululi imayikidwa mu gawo la ma piimerine. Mu cylindrical njira ya gulugufe wa Gulugufe, gulu la gulu la bata la disc limazungulira mozungulira mozungulira pakati pa 0 ° – 90 °, valavu, valavu, valavuyi ndi yotseguka kwathunthu.
Chipinda cha gulugufe ndi chosavuta popanga, chaching’ono kukula ndi kuwala cholemera, ndipo chimakhala ndi magawo ochepa okha. Ndipo kungoyambira 90 ° kumatha kutseguka mwachangu komanso kutseka, nthawi yomweyo valavu imakhala ndi mawonekedwe abwino amadzimadzi. Nyama ya gulugufe ikakhala yotseguka, makulidwe a gulugufe ndi omwe amangoganiza kuti wavala bwino kwambiri, motero kugwedezeka kwa valavu ndi yaying’ono, motero amakhala ndi mawonekedwe abwino. Valani wa Gulugufe ali ndi mitundu iwiri yosindikizidwa: Chisindikizo cha Elastic ndi Chisindikizo chachitsulo. Valavu yamafupa, Chisindikizo chitha kukhazikitsidwa m’thupi la valavu kapena yolumikizidwa ndi gulugufe.
(2) Valander Wart Warver.
Varter Warth Warve wa Kapangidwe kaya, valavu ya valavu yachitsulo yolumikizira zingwe zosinthika ndi dothi lopanda kapangidwe kake, lokhazikika pa thupi lazitsulo. Mphete yosindikiza ya valavu yophimba imapangidwa ndi rabara ya nitrile, yomwe imayikidwa pa mbale ya gulugufe.
(3) Lug mtundu wa Gulugufe wa Gulugufe.
(4) Valander Gulugufer Wartva.
Valander Guluguri wa Gulugufe ndi valavu ya gulugufe, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pakumanga, migodi, mphamvu yamagetsi ndi njira zina zopangira, zotseguka kapena zimasinthira kuchuluka kwa media.
Chotsani chisindikizo chofewa cha gulugufe chachikulu cholumikizira: mm
Gawo lazogulitsa
DN |
L |
H |
Ho |
A |
B |
0.6MPa |
1.0MPa |
1.6MPa |
|||
Chita |
nd |
Chita |
nd |
Chita |
nd |
||||||
50 |
43 |
63 |
235 |
270 |
110 |
110 |
4-14 |
125 |
4-18 |
125 |
4-18 |
65 |
46 |
70 |
250 |
270 |
110 |
130 |
4-14 |
145 |
4-18 |
145 |
4-18 |
80 |
46 |
83 |
275 |
270 |
110 |
150 |
4-18 |
160 |
8-18 |
160 |
8-18 |
100 |
52 |
105 |
316 |
270 |
110 |
170 |
4-18 |
180 |
8-18 |
180 |
8-18 |
125 |
56 |
115 |
340 |
310 |
110 |
200 |
8-18 |
210 |
8-18 |
210 |
8-18 |
150 |
56 |
137 |
376 |
310 |
110 |
225 |
8-18 |
240 |
8-22 |
240 |
8-22 |
200 |
60 |
164 |
430 |
353 |
150 |
280 |
8-18 |
295 |
8-22 |
295 |
8-22 |
250 |
68 |
206 |
499 |
353 |
150 |
335 |
12-18 |
350 |
12-22 |
355 |
12-26 |
300 |
78 |
230 |
570 |
380 |
150 |
395 |
12-22 |
400 |
12-22 |
410 |
12-26 |
Chipinda cha gulugufe ndi mtundu wa vundi yotembenukira yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito disc yozungulira kuti ithe kuyendetsa madzi. Mapangidwe ake amapanga zinthu zosiyanasiyana zomwe zimayenera kukhala zoyenera kugwiritsa ntchito mafakitale osiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo kupezeka kwamadzi, mankhwalawa, kukonzanso kwamadzi, ndi mankhwala a HVac. Kumvetsetsa ntchito ndi zabwino za gulu la gulu la gululi kungakuthandizeni kupanga zisankho zanzeru pakugwiritsa ntchito mosiyanasiyana.
Cholinga chimodzi choyambirira cha valavu ya gulugufe ndikuwongolera mayendedwe amadzimadzi ndi mpweya. Katundu wa disc mkati mwa valavu ya valavu ya chapakati, kulola kugwira ntchito mwachangu komanso koyenera. Njira yotembenuzira yotembenuzira iyi ndi yopindulitsa kwambiri pakusintha kwamitengo ikufunika. Mwachitsanzo.
Kuphatikiza apo, mavu a Gulugufe amadziwika chifukwa cha kapangidwe kawo kopepuka komanso kabwino. Poyerekeza ndi mitundu ina ya mavavu, amakhala ochepa malo, kuwapangitsa kukhala abwino kukhazikitsa m’malo olimba kapena pamene malingaliro amaganizira. Kaya m’mapaipi kapena madera otsekeka, kapangidwe ka gulugufe kumalola kuti pakhalenso wosinthana popanda kupereka ntchito.
Kugwiritsanso ntchito kwina kofunikira kwa gulu la gulugufe kuli m’dongosolo. Mwa kutseka kwathunthu disc, valavu imapanga chidindo cholimba chomwe chimalepheretsa kuyenda kwamadzi. Izi ndizothandiza kwambiri pakukonza malo omwe mapangidwe a mapaipi ndi ofunikira. Kutha kudula mwachangu komanso moleza mtima kumapangitsa kuti gulu la Gulugufe azipanga chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pamakina olamulira ndikupanga njira zingapo zamakampani.
Mwachidule, valavu ya gulugufe imagwiritsidwa ntchito poizona zambiri kuti muyendetse kuyenda, kudzipatula, ndikuwonjezera mphamvu. Kapangidwe kake kakang’ono, kugwirira ntchito mwachangu, komanso kudalirika kumapangitsa kuti kukhala chisankho kwambiri m’mafakitale ambiri. Kumvetsetsa momwe valavu ya gulugufe imagwiritsidwira ntchito pofuna kuti muyamikire udindo waukulu womwe umachitika muowongolera madzi ndi kuwongolera. Kaya mukugwira ntchito yopanga ukadaulo, kukonza, kapena kapangidwe ka mafakitale, kukhala ndi kumvetsetsa kwa valavu ya Gulugufe kudzakuthandizani bwino muzochita zanu zaukadaulo.
Mwayi waukulu wa mavalo a gulugufe ndi kapangidwe kawo kameneka. Mosiyana ndi mavuvu achikhalidwe omwe amakhala kuti ndi ochulukirapo, mavu a gulugufe amakhala ndi dick yosavuta yokhazikika pa shaft. Kapangidwe kameneka kamalola kukhazikitsa m’malo olimba, kuwapangitsa kukhala njira yabwino yopangira majeremusi okhala ndi zida. Kuphatikiza apo, chilengedwe chawo chopepuka chimachepetsa kulemera konse kwa makina akupukutira, kumapangitsa kuti pakhale kosavuta komanso kukhazikitsa.
Phindu lina lamphamvu la Gulugufe limagwira ntchito yawo mwachangu. Mapangidwe amathandizira kutsegulira mwachangu komanso kutseka, ndikusintha kwa madigiri 90 okha ofunikira kuti asunthe. Izi ndizofunika kwambiri pakugwiritsa ntchito komwe kuwongolera kwa nthawi yake kuli kofunikira, monga m’madzi othandizira madzi kapena mankhwala othandizira. Kuthandiza mwachangu kwa mavesi a gulugufe kumathandizira kukulitsa ntchito yothandiza komanso kuchepetsedwa.
Komanso, maveyo a gulugufe amapereka malamulo abwino kwambiri. Pakatseguka pang’ono, mavuvu izi imatha kupanga njira yoyenda molimbika pomwe ikuwongolera media kudutsa. Khalidwe ili ndilofunikira pakugwiritsa ntchito komwe kayendesedwe kaulemu ndikofunikira, kulola dongosolo losasinthasintha.
Mavalo a gulugufe amawonetsanso kukhala okwanira. Wopangidwa ndi zida zolimba ngati chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri kapena pvc, amalimbana ndi kutukuka, ndikuwapangitsa kukhala oyenera kuti azikhala oyenera zinthu, kuphatikizapo mankhwala ankhanza komanso madera. Mphamvu yawo yosavuta imachepetsa mwayi wa zolephera zamakina, kupititsa patsogolo kukonza zofunikira ndi ndalama zogwirira ntchito.
Pomaliza, kusintha kwa mavulo a gulugufe kumawapangitsa kukhala oyenera pamafakitale osiyanasiyana. Kuchokera ku Hvac Symms ku Madzi Opezeka ndi madzi, mavudzi awa amatha kuthana ndi zamadzi osiyanasiyana, kulimbikitsa zofunikira zawo muminda yambiri.
Makina ogwiritsira ntchito
Kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa ma valve a pachipata ndi maava a gulugufe agona m’mapangidwe awo ndi ntchito. A pachipata imagwiritsa ntchito mzere woyendetsera kapena kutsika pachipata kuti muwongolere. Makina amtunduwu ndi abwino kuwongolera koma osachita bwino pakugwiritsa ntchito konunkhira. Mofananamo, valavu ya gulugufe imakhala ndi disc yozungulira yomwe pivots kuzungulira shaft yayikulu kuti iyende. Kapangidwe kameneka kamalola kugwira ntchito mwachangu ndipo kumakhala kothandiza kwambiri.
Kuyendetsa Bwino ndi Mphamvu
Kusiyanitsa kwina ndi mawonekedwe oyenda. Ma Valvel a Gulugufe amadziwika kuti amatha kuperekera kuchuluka kosasintha mosadukiza ndi dontho laling’ono. Kuchita bwino kumeneku ndi kopindulitsa kwambiri pamapulogalamu ambiri komanso komwe malo ali ochepa. Mosiyana ndi izi, ma valve a pachipake sakhala othandiza kwambiri osanjikiza ndipo amatha kupanga chipwirikiti, zomwe zimayambitsa kuchepa kwa zojambulajambula kwambiri.
Malo ndi kulemera kwamagetsi
Mavesi a gulugufe nthawi zambiri amakhala olemera komanso opepuka kuposa ma valve. Kapangidwe kameneka kamapangitsa mavu a Butterguly Oyenera kukhazikitsa malo olimba, pomwe mavesi achinsinsi amawoneka osavuta. Kulemera kwa mavalo a gulugufe kumaphwika kovuta pakugwiritsa ntchito ndikukonza.
Kugwiritsa Ntchito
Mitundu yonse yonse iwiri ili ndi mapulogalamu ena omwe amapambana. Ma valve a pachipata nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito poizoni zomwe zimafuna kutayika kocheperako komanso komwe kudzipatula kumakwaniritsa. Mofananamo, mavundi a gulugufe amakondedwa mu machitidwe omwe amafunikira kusintha kwapang’onopang’ono, kumapangitsa kuti akhale abwino kwa Hvac Systems, kugawa madzi, ndi mankhwalawa.
Mavalo a ntcherric atterffeal amadziwika ndi kapangidwe kawo kosavuta, pomwe disc imagwirizana ndi thupi la valavu. Munthawi iyi, chimbacho chimazungulira mozungulira chomwe chimakhala chofanana ndi madzi. Ma Verric Gulugufe ankhondo amagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka pakugwiritsa ntchito magwiridwe otsika, kuwapangitsa kukhala abwino kwa madzi ndi chithandizo chamadzi. Ma kapangidwe awo owongoka amalola kuti azitha kuyenda bwino komanso kuponya pang’ono pokha, komwe kumatsimikizira momwe makonda osiyanasiyana amagwiritsidwira ntchito.
Maval a Elcenty Agalu a Higarn, omwe amadziwikanso kuti ndi mavalo am’madzi ambiri, omwe amapereka mawonekedwe apadera omwe amalola disc kuti ichotsedwe pampando wa valavu. Mapangidwe awa amathandizanso kusindikiza ndikuchepetsa kuvala pa valavu ya valavu. Madontho a Elcentcent Aftfly ali oyenererana ndi ntchito zochulukirapo, kuphatikizapo zomwe zimaphatikizapo zovuta ndi kutentha kwambiri. Amachita bwino kwambiri monga momwe amagwirira ntchito ma slurries, zamadzimadzi, ndi zina zotsutsana, ndikuonetsetsa kuti ntchito yokhazikika komanso yodalirika.
Makunja ankhondo awiri, kapena mavalo a gulugufe osokoneza bongo, amange mavalo a mavalo a eccenentric kuti apite patsogolo. Ndi zigawo ziwiri – imodzi ya kasinthidwe ka disc ndi ina kuti mavuvu osindikizidwa ndi omwe amalimbikitsa, makamaka m’malo ovuta. Kupanga kwa eccentric kawiri kumabweretsa mikangano yotsika pakati pa disc ndi mpando, kulola chidindo cholimba popanda kuvala valuve wakhalidwe. Ndiwo kusankha koyenera kwa magwiridwe antchito ambiri, kugwiritsa ntchito njira zapamwamba komanso pafupipafupi kugwiritsa ntchito mafakitale monga mafuta ndi mpweya, m’badwo wamphamvu, ndi mankhwala oyendetsa.
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